The Risks on Experimenting with Drugs, Especially by Youth - 550 Words

The Risks on Experimenting with Drugs, Especially by the Youth (Coursework Sample) Content: The Risks of Experimenting with Drugs[Name of Author]The Risks of Experimenting with DrugsAccording to Cohen (2000), many youths and adults experiment with drugs for a number of reasons. These include peer pressure, the desire to identify with various societal classes, the need to get relief from boredom, addiction, attempts to escape from problems, and the general belief that drugs make individuals relaxed and blissful. However, most of them remain ignorant of the potential risks posed by the drugs they consume. As indicated by Chasnoff (2010), the classification of drugs presents three broad categories. These encompass stimulants, sedatives, and hallucinogens. The highest amount of risk in experimenting with drugs occurs when expectant mothers consume drugs. This is because such activities pose danger to the mother as well as the unborn child. Other potential risks include sexual dysfunction, brain damage, kidney poisoning, cancers, and many other diseases (Cohen, 2 000).An analysis by Golden and Peterson (2009) indicated that individuals who experiment with hallucinogens for the first time are exposed to numerous undesirable health effects. Instant irritability, relatively increased aggression, violence, and criminal tendencies are among the most common risks faced by such personalities. Stimulants also raise anxiety levels, increase heartbeats, and may sometimes result in instantaneous death. Further, sedatives bear the ability to cause kidney poisoning and sexual dysfunction. It is worth noting that combining numerous drugs leads to complex conditions, the risk of damaging various body organs, and unstable mental conditions (Golden and Peterson, 2009).Golden and Peterson (2009) affirmed that addiction has continuously prevailed as a leading problem caused by drug experimentation. When individuals consume drugs for the first time, it may influence various body organs like the brain in a way that the body continues to demand more of the drug. As a result, individuals end up entrapped in a continuous cycle of consuming the drug repeatedly. The most outstanding reason that sustains addiction is the possibility of experiencing withdrawal syndromes in the event that individuals stop taking drugs. Another approach to addiction by Cohen (2000) explained that it comes with secondary risks, which include economic overdependence, worsened health conditions, and reduced ability to fulfill career and family demands.Despite the fact that many harmful drugs are easily available on the streets, Chasnoff (2010) contended that most governments and numerous authorities outlaw a large number of these drugs. To this extent, possessing, transporting, and experimenting with them would mean risking arrest or other consequences set by the authorities. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Badminton World Federation (BWF), International Judo Federation (IJF), International B...

Gender Roles In Alfred Hitchcocks Rear Window And...

Gender roles have been, and unfortunately still are, evident in our everyday lives for quite sometime. Women are often portrayed as sexual objects, or delicate individuals; a body with no brain or strength. These traits are easily found within many novels and movies- old and new. In Alfred Hitchcock’s films, Rear Window and Strangers on a Train, Hitchcock begins his films representing women with the same characteristics as stated above. They are very stylish, attractive and presented as second-class individuals to males. But after examining these two films, Hitchcock does something that many directors in his time would not have dared to do. By making the women the heroine and arguably the protagonist of the storyline, Hitchcock proves to†¦show more content†¦Bruno goes through with this plan and strangles Miriam at a local county fair. While Guy doesn’t want to kill Bruno’s father, Bruno threatens to blame him for the murder of his wife, while using a li ghter that Guy left behind on the train as evidence against him. Guy receives help from his true love, Anne Morton, and her sister, Barbara, by devising a plan where he won’t be accused of murdering his own wife. In this movie, the male castration is that Guy is unable to get out of the trouble he has come across without the help of Anne and Barbara. Again, the representation of a man being helpless and powerless are traits commonly assigned to female characters. Whereas the representation of women being smart and helpful are commonly assigned to male characters. Hitchcock purposely gives the â€Å"male† characteristics to women characters and â€Å"female† characteristics to male characters in order to challenge the stereotypical gender roles. Even though Hitchcock presents women as heroes and has taken them outside the so-called â€Å"norms,† women still tend to fall in line with gender-role stereotypes at one point or another. For instance, in Rear Window, Lisa is introduced as this beautiful, a high-society fashion consultant in New York City. She is in love with Jeffries, but Jeffries insists that they cannot marry because she cannot live his lifestyle, which involves traveling around the world and livingShow MoreRelated Sexual Innuendoes in the Films of Alfred Hitchcock Essay example3477 Words   |  14 PagesSexual Innuendoes in the Films of Alfred Hitchcock When watching an Alfred Hitchcock movie, have you ever found yourself sympathizing with a deceptive seductress or a soon-to-be sex offender? If so, you may have felt guilt from watching such sexual innuendoes, but don’t feel too bad. This is just one of the intents of Alfred Hitchcock as he weaves many of his tales with sensual characters. His films portray a vast array of sexuality from showing a battle of the sexes and tales of romance toRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesin diverse settings. She places special emphasis on the important but often overlooked roles they played in politics, particularly those associated with resistance movements, and their contributions to arts and letters worldwide. Drawing on the essay collections and series on women in world history that she has edited over the past decade, Smith’s fully global perspectives make clear that even though gender parity has rarely been attained in any society and there have been major setbacks or few

The Dark Romanticism Of Edgar Allan Poe - 1497 Words

Edgar Allan Poe was a prominent writer during the era of Romanticism, but Poe’s poems focused primarily on the Dark Romanticism, developed under Romanticism. The era of Romanticism was commonly described as showing raw emotion, but there was still a conflict in the story. The purpose of Romanticism was for the writer to feel free; there were no rules when it came to this form of writing. Dark Romanticism was looking at the gothic side of stories rather than the heroism stories, which focused more on death, and the flaws of humans. Dark Romanticism also focused on the evil aspect of writings rather than the heroic part to stories. Edgar Allan Poe’s poems are shown more in this type of writing rather than the typical Romantic writings. When looking more into Dark Romanticism readers are able to see how Poe could have connected his personal turmoil to his poems. The University of Delaware’s library says, â€Å"Suffering for offenses against God, man and Nature, the hero-villains wander the earth, alone and misunderstood. Their personal torment in a vast universe is emphasized by desolate settings of icebound seas, jagged mountains and bottomless abysses: imagery that would inspire artistic, literary, and musical compositions,† (Dark Romanticism). This quote shows readers that writers during the Dark Romanticism era used their own sufferings in order to make the stories seem more dramatic and almost human. Looking into the poems â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"The Raven†, readers are able to seeShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe : A Gothic Romanticism Or Dark Romanticist1562 Words   |  7 Pages Edgar Allan Poe is often considered one of the most famous, influential writers of the 19th century, and even today he is still revered for his more famous works, which are still taught and studied in schools and universities around the United States. His work is considered to be heavily influenced by the many hardships he faced during his lifetime, which can be seen in almost all of his poems or short stories. Poe is considered a gothic romanticism or dark romanticist, due to his fascination ofRead MoreEssay on The Romantic Side of Edgar Allan Poe 1061 Words   |  5 Pageshas a trace of romanticism in it. Romanticism started around the 1800’s as a contradiction to rationalism. Rationalism was a thinking that attempted to use rational thinking and reason to solve the problems being faces at its time. Romanticism is basically the opposite of those thoughts. Romanticism is described as, a revolt against Rationalism that affected literature and the other arts, beginning in the late eighteenth century.(Elements of Literature, Page 1179). Romanticism bases its problemRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Great Gatsby 1416 Words   |  6 PagesMassachusetts, the Dark Romanticism author lived with some injuries, such as the death of his father. Yet, the wealth of his uncles helped him follow the dream s of becoming a writer. Hawthorne originally had no â€Å"w† in his name, yet he wanted to separate himself with the connection of one of his ancestors, John Hathorne, who was accused of using witchcraft. Edgar Allan Poe, born in the year 1809, in Boston, Massachusetts, was also a writer in Dark Romanticism. An orphan at a young age, Poe was going throughRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper931 Words   |  4 Pages2012 Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a sick man that went through a troubling life full of tragedies. For Poe to deal with this he drank and poured his feelings into his works. Honestly as horrible it is that he had to go through all of that we should be grateful because without his suffering these masterpieces wouldn’t have been fabricated. While intensifying his philosophy for short stories Edgar Allan Poe wrote â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† reflecting the characteristics of Dark RomanticRead MoreSetting in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe881 Words   |  4 PagesSetting in The Fall of the House of Usher Dark Romanticism was very popular in 19th century America. It is literary genre that emerged from Romanticism and Transcendentalism. Tenets of Transcendentalism included finding God in nature, and seeing beyond the physical world. Dark romanticism examines the conflict between good and evil and the psychological effect of sin and guilt in the human mind. One very famous Dark Romantic writer is Edgar Allen Poe. Poe is very well known for his many poems andRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And The Fall Of The House Of Usher 896 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an extremely well known American writer and is famous for his horrific and mysterious works such as, â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts in an era that seems to have many dark and ominous writers and pieces of literature originating from that time period. Poe is said to have launched the interest in many of the detective type stories that we read from modern day writers. â€Å"In the early 1800s, romanticism was the dominantRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Biography. By. Alyssa Marshall.1260 Words   |  6 Pages Edgar Allan Poe Biography By Alyssa Marshall Mrs. Guinn English III March 6, 2017 Abstract Edgar Allan Poe was a writer in the â€Å"Gothic Era†, many of his stories genres are horror like â€Å" The Masque of The Red Death†, mystery such as â€Å" The Fall of The House of Usher†, lost love as in â€Å" The Raven†, and obsession such as â€Å" The Pit and The Pendulum†. Edgar’s poemsRead MoreAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s Life1497 Words   |  6 Pageswith an Author Framework Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, on January 19th, 1809 and was best known as a writer of dark poetry and short stories. Poe had an interesting and somewhat tragic upbringing , he was orphaned as a young child and then raised by an affluent couple called John and Frances Allan from Richmond, Virginia. Poe spent 5 years in England as a young child and studied different languages , however his universityRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Masque Of The Red Death1300 Words   |  6 Pagesin which Poe wrote his short story, Masque of the Red Death According to Edgar Allan Poe in his short story, â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† â€Å"No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous.† Even though plagues had been common throughout the years, none of them had been as hideous as society was during the Movement. In his short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, Edgar Allan Poe demonstrates that people are naturally born evil, during the Anti-Transcendentalism a nd Dark Romanticism time periodRead MoreSymbolism Of The Raven By Edgar Allen Poe1045 Words   |  5 Pagesinvisible† (Morris). Symbolism increases the meaning of the story, as well as captivates the reader’s attention to a deeper degree. It encourages the reader to think and attempt to find the hidden meaning within the narrative itself. As a poet Edgar Allen Poe occupied his narratives with literary elements. Symbols become one of the most predominant elements in his works of literature. Consequently, in his concise poem â€Å"The Raven,† the literary element most noted by the reader is symbolism. Characters

Capital Structure Debt Financing

Question: Discuss about theCapital Structurefor Debt Financing. Answer: Leverage Implication for Debt Financing Debts are borrowed money from creditors and when companies take on debt, they are said to be leveraged. In other words, highly leveraged organizations are those that pursue relatively high amounts of debt. Although, debt represents an obligation towards creditors, it is helpful for existing owners due to the effect of financial leverage. Furthermore, defaulting on a loan can result in bankruptcy and financial distress, especially if the company is highly leveraged, and is encountering problems paying off various creditors. Even so, debt is regarded as a major financing choice because when companies utilize debt to offer further capital for their business activities, equity owners gain an opportunity to keep extra profits generated through the debt capital, after payment of interests (Horngren, 2013). Equity investors possess a higher equity return due to additional profits offered by debt financing, given the same equity amount. Besides, debt represents how risks are borne by shareho lders and therefore, debt financing enhances the risk shareholders must encounter in reducing the stock price on a per-share basis. Thus, all things being equivalent, the highly leveraged stock price of a company is lesser than a company with relatively low leverage (Williams, 2012). Decomposition of ROE model, also called DuPont Analysis is an expression that breaks Return on Equity into three different parts. This analysis assists an analyst to understand the origin of inferior or superior return by comparison with organizations in similar businesses. The ROE ratio is a measure of the rate of return to the shareholders. Decomposing the ROE into several factors plays a key role in influencing the performance of a company. It presents ratios utilized in fundamental evaluation. Firstly, the tax burden of company is Net Income / Pretax Profit. This is the profit proportion retained after payment of income taxes. Secondly, the interest burden of a company is pretax gain / EBIT (Guerard, 2013). This indicates firms with no financial leverage or debt. Thirdly, the Return on sales of a company is EBIT / Sales. Fourthly, the asset turnover of a company is Sales / Assets. Fifthly, the leverage ratio is Assets / Equity. Lastly, the compound leverage factor is Interest bur den * Leverage. Therefore, after decomposition of ROE model, the equation comes to: The leverage implications for EPS is that financial leverage can enhance such EPS as long as the after tax expense of the debts are less than the return on investment on the borrowed money. Moreover, as the debt equity ratio enhances, the risk of leverage also enhances and any alteration in the situation of company can cause the leverage to possess a negative influence. Besides, if the return on equity of a company declines, it must still cover the interest expense of debt that means a more pronounced decline in earnings per share than if there were less leverage (Horngren, 2013). A high degree of leverage depicts that the EPS of a company is more volatile. For instance, if company ABC has an EBIT of $50 million, interest cost of $15 million and outstanding shares of 50 million in the first year. The outcome of ABCs EPS comes to 70 cents ($50 million - $15 million) / (50 million). In the second year, if ABC has EBIT of $200 million, interest expense of $25 million and outstanding sha res of 50 million. The resulting EPS comes to $3.50 ($200 million-$25 million) / (50 million). On a whole, the resulting financial leverage of ABC comes to 1.33 (($3.5 - $0.7)/$0.7) / (($200 million - $50 million)/$50 million). Hence, if the EBIT of the decreases or increases by one percent, the degree of financial leverage portrays that its EPS increases or decreases by 1.33%. Capital Structure Theory Capital structure theory is a key in taking any management decision regarding the equity and debt mix of the organization. Wherein the intent of every management is to increase the benefit to the shareholders of the organization, however, it has both good effect and a bad effect attached with the same. Though increasing the debt in the capital structure helps in reducing the tax payments as the interest being paid on the debt taken by the organization is a deductible expenditure while computing the tax payable of the organization but it creates an obligation on the management to pay high interest which in long term becomes difficult for the organization to continue with the same (Laux, 2014). This leads in bankruptcy. As the obligation becomes difficult for the organization to meet, it ultimately leads in non- payment of interest as well as the debt taken by the organization. On the other hand side if there is no tax benefit attached with the debt being taken then the organization wi ll obviously be interested in meeting its capital requirements by increasing the equity i.e. by raising share capital structure of the organization. This would definitely lower the bankruptcy rate as the organization will not be under pressure to repay the debt and the fund of the shareholders will be used for the meeting the capital requirements of the organization. There are various theories having different implications. One of it is signaling theory which is an important tool in considering the debt equity mix for the capital structure as is an organization would increase the equity then it would indirectly send a signal to the investors that the organization may be facing liquidity issues and also it results in diluting the share value. On the other hand if the organization raises debt to fulfill its requirement and the organization is unable to meet the repayment of debt then credit rating will be downgraded which would send a bad signal to the investors. However, debt is usually preferred over equity. As per the constraining managers theory the management tries to reduce the cash flow but a risk arises if the managers are unable to service the debt on time and the organization becomes bankrupt it automatically results in the managers losing their job which is a bad decision of the management (Williams, 2012). Pecking order hypothesis theor y states that the capital requirements of an organization should be met through the income generated by the organization, then it should use the funds by selling it short term marketable securities, if more funds are required then the organization should take debts from the market, then it should issue the preferential shares in the market and get money through this only after that it should raise money through the issue of equity shares in the market. According to windows of opportunity theory, an organization waits for the right time when it can get a particular at a right rate. This helps the investors in understanding that the management is trying to keep the costs low. Overall it has been understood that taking debt from the market is always better than raising fund through issue of equity. Debt Choices Making this choice between debt and equity and how much debt to carry in the books is an important decision for each company. This factor is also highly affected by the kind of industry that the firm is. Firms with low inventory and high cash business requires less debt as they need not invest in high infrastructure and hence less debt. Debt is usually needed to invest in long term asset creation (Fields, 2011). This long term effect of the debt has a direct bearing on the asset-liability equation of the company and has to ensure that liquidity does not go bust. Another factor affecting the choice of debt is the firm's credit rating, size, market-to-book ratio, profitability, degree of leverage, and tangible assets. Some industries make a lot of use of debt such as airlines, real estate, utilities and financial services (such as banks). The reason is that the main asset or selling point of these firms is aircrafts, buildings and land, loans respectively which cannot be bought directly and is usually leased and rented out. This creates the debt component on the balance sheet (Fields, 2011). For example telecommunications industry needs to build towers across the landscape to ensure connectivity, purchase spectrum during government auctions as these are its assets which create the services. Thus these companies carry a high Debt-equity ratio and it is important to note the importance of this number along with a few other indicators (Brealey et.al, 2014). These companies will have a high fixed interest rate and a high financial leverage. Normally industries such as services go with the acceptable debt equity ratio of 1 -1.5 that is Liabilities/Equity. Capital intensive industries need a higher number in its normal operation usually more than 2. This is generally accepted debt- equity typical of each industry. Generally a high debt-to-equity ratio indicates a companys inability to satisfy its debt obligations. However a very low debt-equity might also indicate that the company is not taking advantage of its financial leverage available to it. Also, industries like airlines which make use of operating leases are allowed by accounting laws to keep the capital leases as an off-balance sheet item but the right way to look at debt is to add these to the debt in the balance sheet as they are similar to debt in nature. Among them are aerospace and defense, along with those companies which are manufacturers of general building materials and farm and construction machinery (Graham Smart, 2012). The average debt-to-equity ratio for the industrial goods sector can be as high as 1.90. The average for the services industry was 1.6 and the average for utilities was 1.40. The finance sector's average debt-to-equity ratio in the U.S was an eye-popping 2.6 in 2015. Within the sector, the mortgage investment industry showed an average of 8.9. This huge disparity between debt and equity for financial companies when compared to other industries is not a cause for concern. As discussed, a financial company such as a bank borrows money at a lower rate and lends the money at a higher rate, making a profit on the spread between the two (Leo, 2011). Hence it is important to take care of such nuances while looking at companies financial positions. Companies need to issue bonds and prefer that rather than sell additional shares because of the lower cost of debt, as also because interest payments are tax deductible. Issuing additional shares also dilutes the fractional ownership of shareholders and can affect and halt managerial decisions (Albrecht et. al, 2011). What matters is whether the company invests the proceeds from its borrowing into projects that generate a return above its cost of capital. It is important to study the background of the industry, its operating environment and its nuances to really understand if a particular firm is carrying excess debt or following the norm. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. Stice, J. (2011). Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brealey, R, Myers, S. Allen, F. (2014). Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Fields, E. (2011). The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers, New York: American Management Association. Graham, J. Smart, S. (2012). Introduction to corporate finance. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Guerard, J. (2013).Introduction to financial forecasting in investment analysis. New York, NY: Springer. Horngren, C. (2013)Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Laux, B. (2014). Discussion of The role of revenue recognition in performance reporting. Accounting and Business Research, 44(4), 380-382. Leo, K. J. (2011). Company Accounting, Boston:McGraw Hill Williams, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Project Management Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints, and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in the Nigerian Power Sector

Executive Summary This research work is designed to investigate energy industry in Nigeria, particularly the Power Holding Company of Nigeria’s dealings in terms of project management. Essentially, the study will focus on a variety of issues pertaining the company’s accomplishments, constraints, and current reforms in the power industry.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Project Management: Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints, and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in the Nigerian Power Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study will be titled â€Å"Project Management: Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in The Nigerian Power Sector†. It is of the idea of finding out how project management has been conducted, challenges involved, and eventually successes achieved. The objective of the study will be to highlight the importance of PHCN, its achievements since formation, investigate the growth or decline the power sector, investigate challenges faced, and study the current reforms being undertaken, as well as their benefits. Relevant data for this research topic will be sourced from a number of sources both primary and secondary sources. A descriptive method of study will be employed for this research. Questionnaires will be issued to the staff in the organization, where 210 people will participate. A sample of 140 will be drawn from this population. Chi-square test will be used to test the validity of the hypothesis. Background The inability of most of the countries in Africa to provide access to power to most of its citizens has been considered as the curse on development (Okoro, Chikuni 2007 p. 125). Energy is particularly crucial for any country that wants to achieve sustainable development. Many developed cities across the world have seen those kinds of tremendous growths because of availability and access to energy (Barnett Rolando, 2002, p. 177). The availability to a number of sectors of the country always determines the rate and level of development of that country. Energy is an indispensable element of transforming a subsidence economy to a service-oriented or production economy (Ekpo, Iyoha 2007, p.127). Energy has vast impact on education, manufacturing and production, service health, transport, housing and other demography. The need for safe and reliable source of energy has inspired countries to establish companies that would enable them to produce, and distribute energy. One of such companies is the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (Ekpo, Iyoha 2007, p.127).Advertising Looking for proposal on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lack of access to these energy sources can cause and increase in poverty. For instanc e, people would spend a lot of time seeking cheap and available sources like firewood and charcoal for cooking and lighting (Barnett Rolando, 2002, p. 177). These cause so much emission hence not friendly for the environment. Furthermore, cheap sources can cause health risks for instance use of paraffin and coal, as they require exceptionally large ventilation to burn. The best energy alternative has been electricity as it is clean and remarkably efficient. Its development in Nigeria goes back to the late 19th century. During that time, in 1898, the first electricity generating company was built in Lagos. According to Okoro and Chikuni (2007), â€Å"Distribution of power was a bit poor until 1950s since, the pattern of electricity lines was a few individual electricity power undertakings scattered across urban centres† (p.125). Few of those undertakings were public works departments, and municipal councils (Ekpo, Iyoha 2007, p.127). The power Holding company of Nigeria (PHC N) reserves the authority to produce and distribute electricity. The company has an installed capacity of 4,200 MW, a target it never reaches. At the best moments, the company produces 3,300 MW. Only 40% of the population has access to electricity, and it gets worse in rural areas where only 10% of people have access to electricity (Hall 2006, p. 7; Ariyo, Jerome 2004, p.5). Research Aims The goal of the research will be to investigate the accomplishments, challenges and the current reforms that PHCN faced during its project management endeavours. This case study helps in understanding how the organization has been performing since its inception in terms of power production and distribution in the country. Specific aims of the research included the following:Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Project Management: Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints, and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in the Nigerian Powe r Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To investigate the importance, achievements or the benefits of PHCN formation To examine the growth and decline of the power production and distribution To investigate the current reforms in the power sector and recommend appropriate strategies that could better in the current power production and distribution Objectives The objective of the study was to analyze the project management of the PHCN in Nigeria. The other objectives of the research will be; To study the various regimes the power sector has gone through and the accomplishments achieved by each of these regimes To determining the impact of the formation and functioning of PHCN on the power sector in Nigeria To investigate the strengths and challenges of PHCN in all sectors of PHCN Questions Significance This research will be immensely beneficial to every sector in Nigeria’s economy particularly the PHCN and its management need to establish a policy, which will ensure efficient and effective power production and distribution (Ibitoye, Adenikinju 2007, p. 501). The study will help to highlight the challenges that plague PHCN. The state owned organization (PHCN) will be able to use this research to assess its efficiency and means of working so that it can make amendments in its project management strategies where necessary. This viewpoint will help managers to develop ideas and solution to the said challenges hence coming up with the best ways to manage its projects. The study hopes to arouse more study into the functional departments of the company by scholars hence broadening research resources. Therefore, the research will be of immense benefit to managers and researches as a point of reference for study and decision-making. Literature Review To be able to understand the position of Nigeria’s power sector in a practical context, it is pertinent to have a brief review of the PHCN developments to offer more insight in the industry since its inception (Ibitoye, Adenikinju 2007, p. 501). Brief History of PHCN Decree number 24 of April 1972 formed the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) formed following the merging of the Niger Dam Authority and the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) (Hall 2006, p. 7). The 2005 unbinding of NEPA led to the formation of Power Holding Company of Nigeria. NEPA had been established to maintain efficient and coordinated power supply to every part of the country. Regardless of the problems that NEPA faced after its formation, the organization was able to make significant developments in the country’s socio-economic development. This saw Nigeria advance unusually fast into the industrial society.Advertising Looking for proposal on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Importance of PHCN The power production and distribution industry in Nigeria is under the management of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria. The power sector has seen a number of transformation thought that has not been enough to increase its supply of power to the people and still the supply fall below 40% (Okoro, Chikuni 2007 p. 125). However, some few merits of PHCN have been identified as follows: The power holding company of Nigeria has significantly improved the electricity billing system and clients can now settle their bill conveniently and via a much easier process (PHCN 2004, p.1). As a result, bank revenue-collection system was introduced to complement the collection of cash from the PHCN counters. This program has enabled facilitation of prompt and regular settlement of the monthly power bills. This has been made possible by the fact that customers are no longer required to travel out of their residential areas to towns to pay electricity bills (PHCN 2004, p.1). Custom er service has improved due to institutionalization of the business. There is full and accurate settling of bills and the staff is more motivated to do their job (PHCN 2004, p.1). Company Background in Various Regimes and Achievements Supply of electricity commenced after formation of two small generating set to light up Lagos. By 1951, ECN was established by act of parliament to oversee the distribution. The Niger Dams Authority (NDA) was established after construction of a hydropower station of R. Niger in 1968, to distribute power (ESI 2004, p.18). The two bodies merged in 1972 to become NEPA. NEPA was unbundled to institute power reforms to be renamed Power Holding Company of Nigeria in 2005 (Ekpo 2008, p.78). NEPA was state owned organization vertically integrated power management firm. The organization has the authority to produce, transmit, and distribute electricity. As a public utility company, NEPA has been able to tap the country’s large water potentials to increas es power production (Anoruo 2004, p.2). The NDA was able to construct vital dams in Nigeria including Kainji, Afam, Delta, Jebba, Egbin Shiroro and Sapele power stations (ESI 2004, p.18). The Sapele and Afam thermal stations also add to the energy source in Nigeria. NEPA was able to fulfil its role of developing and maintaining an efficient and coordinated distribution of power through the federation (Anoruo 2004, p.2). NEPA enjoyed the quasi-commercialization status and building six main power stations increasing generation of power to 3,450 MW (Adoghe 2008, p.78). However, even with these achievements, the population and power needs grew exceptionally fast in Nigeria that the company could not meet the target. It hence needed more power stations to boost production (Anoruo 2004, p.2). Because of the unbundling process, NEPA became PHCN following the Power reform bill signed into law by President Olesugun Obasanjo (Jenide 2005, p.6). The policy decree provided the legal and regulat ory guideline for the new strategies of commercial power generation and distribution. Private companies were also allowed to be involved in the production, transmission, and distribution of power. PHCN made some advances even amidst myriads of problems (Ariyo, Jerome 2004, p.6). The organization saw more additional thermal stations constructed. As already highlighted in previous paragraphs, thus body saw the development of better billing system increasing collection and making billing more efficient. The PHCN is now separated into six power generation companies and eleven power distribution companies. All these firms will be privatized (Ikeme, Ebohon 2005, p.1214). Logistics and union problems are some of the huddles delaying the process. Reforms and Constraints The inability of the PHCN to achieve the target power target has inspired reforms. The law initiating these reforms was signed in 2005 – the Nigerian Electric Power Sector reform act. The decree stipulates that ther e be a Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commissions (NERC) (Jenide 2005, p.7). The commission will function to regulate the energy system ensuring that there is efficient, fair, and organized competitive power market while at the same time shielding the public interest (Ikeme, Ebohon 2005, p.1214). NERC has been privatization of the utility company. This has been slow to take off since the public feels that; unguided privatization will cause skyrocketing prices making poor people more vulnerable (Chikwendu 2006, p.45). Something the organization should be seeking to increase. The famous power sector reform has been seen as an effort to propel the economy in some direction. The problem is, however, whether timing is correct (Jenide 2005, p.7). Some critics doubt whether the process was given adequate thought and scrutiny. The reforms are intended to improve the power sector to a level of attracting private sector participation, enlarge production capacity, improve service delivery ma king them more efficient, and encourage capital investors. However, even within the construction of new power stations, the reforms have not seen the expected results yet (Ezigbo 2004, p.104). Hypothesis Based on the research objective developed for this study, the following hypotheses will be used; Ho – the various regimes PHCN has gone through have not attained significant benefits Ha1 – the PHCN has had a positive impact on Nigeria’s power sector Ha 2 – the PHCN has had benefits to Power sector despite challenges Proposed Data Analysis Plan: Theoretical Framework For quite a long time, Nigeria has not seen the development and advances it expected to see in its energy sector even with several reforms it established. Theoretical frameworks will be used to investigate a number of topics that may have caused or resulted into the benefits seen with each regime of power management. The method is beneficial in that it will help in critical evaluation of the t heoretical assumption; it will connect the investigator with existing knowledge then guide him/her to a new discovery based on the hypothesis. The main questions of why and how are answered allowing the researcher a straightforward description of a phenomenon observed like poor power generation amidst reforms. Methodology Research design: The study shall employ a descriptive survey method for investigation. It is deemed paramount to determine the process and method of study, since it will offer better background information to the readers enabling them to do better evaluation and understand how conclusions were deduced. Both primary and secondary sources of data will be used for the study. Primary data will be collected via interviews of the PHCN employees while secondary data will include literature on PHCN from the library and the internet. Population of study will be employees of the company and some consumers of electricity. Data collection method will be a questionnaire. Antici pated Problems and Timetable (Gantt chart) The researcher anticipates few problems with regard to conducting the study. He anticipated lack of access to some important information from company employees as government utilities are cautious with giving out information. Financial and time constraints are likely to limit the study. Research Timeline Task Time Defining The Topic and Consulting Supervisors Mar 4 – Mar 6 2012 Developing Research Questions collection of literature Mar 5 – Mar 15, 2012 Preparation of the Research Proposal Mar 18 – Mar 25, 2012 Presentation of The Research Proposal Mar 26, 2012 Literature review or Secondary Research Mar 28 – Apr 4, 2012 Finalization Of Research Methods And Plan Apr 4 – Apr 8, 2012 Presentation of the Proposal to University Research Department for correction and approval Apr 10, 2012 Submission of Proposal To Ethical issues regulatory agency Apr 11, 2012 Organizing Travelling, Obtaini ng Contacts, and Making the Budget For Research Apr 12 – Apr 13, 2012 Receiving Authorization From Ethical issues agency Apr 15, 2012 Carrying Out Pilot Research and Writing Up the results Apr 16 – Apr 13, 2012 Revising Research Methodology In Light Of Pilot study Jun 14, 2012 Carrying Out of the Research Jun 15 – Jun 29, 2012 Analyzing the Findings And Mapping Out the Presentation And Thesis Jun 30 – Jul 6, 2012 Writing the First Draft and consulting with supervisor Jun 7 – Jun 10, 2012 Writing the Final Draft Jun 11 – Jun 13, 2012 Consulting with Examiners and time for the Supervisor And Research Office to Make Consultation with Examiners Jun 14 – Jun 18, 2012 Preparing the Final Thesis For Submission and time for the Supervisor to evaluate Readiness For Submission Jun 19 – Jun 21, 2012 Submission of the Thesis Jun 24, 2012 Conclusion Conclusion For a number of years, regardless of the consisted investm ent by the government into the power sector, the country has experienced power outages and the public is not convinced that this is normal there are complaints that the tariffs reduced compared to cost of power production. To end all these problems, the state instituted power reforms and the main one has been the privatization of the state owned PHCN. This measure is intended to curb production, stop financial losses, and make efficient power distribution. Reference List Adoghe, A. U., 2008. Power Sector Reforms in Nigeria – Likely Effects on Power Reliability and Stability in Nigeria. [Online] Web. Anoruo, C., 2004. Unbundling and Its Dynamics. NEPA News, March-May. Ariyo, A., Jerome, A., 2004. Utility Privatization and the Poor: Nigeria in Focus. In HBS Global Issues Papers NO.12. [Online] Available at Barnett, S., Rolando, O., 2002. Operational Aspects of Fiscal Policy in Oil-Producing Countries. Working Paper No. WP/02/177. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. C hikwendu, C., 2006. Engendering Nigerian Energy Policy. Paper Prepared For The UN Commission On Sustainable Development. ENERGIA – International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy. Leusden. Ekpo, I. E., Iyoha, M.O., 2007. Nigeria’s Power Sector: Progress, Problems and Prospects. The International Journal on Hydropower and Dams, 14(6), pp. 127. Ekpo, I., 2008. Challenges of Hydropower Development in Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources paper No. 262, pp.76-80. ESI, 2004. Attracting Investment and Sustaining Development. Privatizing the Nigerian Electricity Sector. [Online] Web. Ezigbo, O., 2004. Nigeria: Expanding NEPA’s Generation Capacity: Dream or Reality? This Day Newspaper, pp. 104. Hall, D., 2006. Water and Electricity in Nigeria. [Online] Available at: http://www.psiru.org/index.html. Ibitoye, F. I., Adenikinju, A., 2007. Future Demand for Electricity in Nigeria, Applied Energy Journal, 84(5), pp. 492-504. Ikeme, J., Eboho n, O. J., 2005. Nigeria’s Electric Power Sector Reform: What Should Form the Key Objectives? Energy Policy, 33(9), pp. 1213-1221. Jenide, A., 2005. Understanding the Electric Power sector Reform Act. The Guardian, 6, pp. 6-9. Okoro, O. L., Chikuni, E., 2007. Power Sector Reforms in Nigeria: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 18(3), pp. 123-132. PHCN, 2004. Customer Service Charter: PHCN Nigeria. [Online] Web. This proposal on Project Management: Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints, and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in the Nigerian Power Sector was written and submitted by user Kimber A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Crucible

John Proctor And Willy Loman: The Tragedies Of Two Common Men Are John Proctor and Willy Loman common men? Are they tragic heroes? Using information from Arthur Miller’s essay, â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, both men can be defined as common, and both men can be defined as tragic heroes. Miller’s essay also characterizes the plays â€Å"The Crucible† and â€Å"Death of a Salesman† as tragedies in modern literature. According to Miller, the quality that shapes the image of the common man is one that â€Å"derives from the underlying fear of being displaced, the disaster inherent in being torn away from our chosen image of what and who we are in this world† (Miller, Tragedy of the Common Man). Both John Proctor and Willy Loman share this fear, and both regard their reputations in society very highly. Proctor’s fear of being displaced is evident in the last act when he refuses to sign the confession stating that he practiced witchcraft. Procter declares, â€Å"I have given you my soul; leave me my name!†(Miller, The Crucible, Act IV). This quote implies that Procter values maintaining his chosen image as a good and holy man over his soul, which in his religious society is also regarded very highly. Willy Loman lives in a fantasy world where he believes that he is extremely successful and loved by all. At one point Willy states â€Å"I’m the New England man. I am vital in New England.†(Miller, Death of a Salesman, Act 1). Later in the play Willy refuses a job offered to him by Charley, because he fears that accepting the job will tear him away from his chosen image if being the best, thus categorizing him as a common man by Millers standards. Because John Proctor and Willy Loman regard their reputations and dignity so highly and fear the possibility of these qualities being degraded, they are considered common men. Miller describes that the tragic element in a tragic hero is â€Å"evoked... Free Essays on Crucible Free Essays on Crucible A Major Theme of The Crucible According to the Webster’s Dictionary, a crucible is â€Å"a vessel in which metal is heated to a high temperature and melted for the purposes of casting†. It can also be referred to a situation in which a person has to make a decision that can be critical to his morals and principles. There are many interpretations of the word crucible as there is for the theme of Arthur Miller’s, The Crucible. Closely related to the word â€Å"crucifixion†, The Crucible is about a man put in a crucible situation, who is forced to choose between life and morality, just as Jesus Christ did. Miller interweaved these scenarios to form the main themes of the play – the problem of making the right moral choice and the necessity of sacrifice as a means of redemption. Both of these themes can be abridged to form one main theme, good versus evil. Based on the Salem witch trials of the late 17th century, The Crucible explores the vulnerability of a society and the difficulty of doing ‘good’ in the face of evil and tremendous social pressures. The play is about a town, Salem, Massachusetts, and the hysteria its residents go through because of the witchcraft accusations made by the young girls and countless other people of the region. These accusations, we learn in the novel, are not true and are merely stories to put the blame of someone’s mistakes or wrongdoings to someone else. The accusers are just trying to find scapegoats for their shortcomings. This is where good versus evil takes place. There are numerous â€Å"good† characters in the novel that try to prove that there are no such things as witches, as well as â€Å"bad† who use the trials for their own gain, and the plot revolves around their struggle against each other. One of the many cases where good versus evil is portrayed is through the situation between Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams. Abigail Williams is the niece of Reverend Parris, a renowned preache... Free Essays on Crucible John Proctor And Willy Loman: The Tragedies Of Two Common Men Are John Proctor and Willy Loman common men? Are they tragic heroes? Using information from Arthur Miller’s essay, â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, both men can be defined as common, and both men can be defined as tragic heroes. Miller’s essay also characterizes the plays â€Å"The Crucible† and â€Å"Death of a Salesman† as tragedies in modern literature. According to Miller, the quality that shapes the image of the common man is one that â€Å"derives from the underlying fear of being displaced, the disaster inherent in being torn away from our chosen image of what and who we are in this world† (Miller, Tragedy of the Common Man). Both John Proctor and Willy Loman share this fear, and both regard their reputations in society very highly. Proctor’s fear of being displaced is evident in the last act when he refuses to sign the confession stating that he practiced witchcraft. Procter declares, â€Å"I have given you my soul; leave me my name!†(Miller, The Crucible, Act IV). This quote implies that Procter values maintaining his chosen image as a good and holy man over his soul, which in his religious society is also regarded very highly. Willy Loman lives in a fantasy world where he believes that he is extremely successful and loved by all. At one point Willy states â€Å"I’m the New England man. I am vital in New England.†(Miller, Death of a Salesman, Act 1). Later in the play Willy refuses a job offered to him by Charley, because he fears that accepting the job will tear him away from his chosen image if being the best, thus categorizing him as a common man by Millers standards. Because John Proctor and Willy Loman regard their reputations and dignity so highly and fear the possibility of these qualities being degraded, they are considered common men. Miller describes that the tragic element in a tragic hero is â€Å"evoked... Free Essays on Crucible The madness of the Salem with trials is explored I great detail. There are many theories as to why the with trials come about, the most popular of which is the girls’ suppressed childhoods. However, there were other factors as well, such as Abigail Williams’ affair with John Proctor, the secret grudges that neighbors held against each other, and the physical and economic differences between the citizens of Salem Village. From a historical viewpooint, it is known that young girls in colonial Massachusetts were given little or no freedom to act like children. They were expected to walk straight, arms by their sides, eyes slightly downcast, and their mouths were to be shut unless otherwise asked to speak. It is not surprising that the girls would find this type of lifestyle very constricting. To rebel against it, they played pranks, such as dancing in the woods, listening to slaves’ magic stories and pretending that other villagers were bewitching them. The crucible starts after the girls in the village have been caught dancing in the woods. As one of them falls sick, rumors start to flu that there is witchcraft gong on in the woods, and that the sick girls is bewitched. Once the girls talk to each other, they become more and more frightened of being accused by saying, ‘I go back to Jesus; I kiss his hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!† Another girl, Betty, continues the cry with, ‘I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil!† From here on, the accusations grow and grow until the jails overflow with accused witches. It must have given them and incredible sense of power when the whole town of Salem listened to their words and believed each and every accusation. After all, children were to be seen and not heard in Puritan society, and the new found attention was probably overwhelming. The girls were called before the judges...

Marriage tradition in Amish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marriage tradition in Amish - Essay Example Their language is a German dialect called Pennsylvania Dutch, and religious services are held in the homes of community members – not in churches. Farming is their preferred occupation, although they have diversified into small businesses, such as furniture and leather goods. Based on the Biblical words, ‘Be ye not conformed to the world,’ the Amish isolate themselves from mainstream society, rejecting social security, public education, technology and automobiles (Boeree, n.d.). Separation of the State and church, a literal interpretation of the Bible, non-violence, separation from the world, distinct appearance and clothing, and strict adherence to the ‘Ordnung,’ or oral tradition of rules, are characteristic, unique Amish beliefs (Robinson, 2005). Devotion to community and family is the hallmark of the Amish. The welfare of the community supersedes individual interests. As the family is the center of the Amish community, marriage is a significant st ep in life, and is governed by several rules and traditional rituals. Amish marriages demonstrate the societal functions of establishing stable relationships, regulating sexual division of labor, and providing for the needs of the children. Amish marriages are directed towards the establishment of permanent relationships between a man and a woman. This is to ensure the stability of the community. As such, marriage is linked with group identity and culture. It is a part of the need to strengthen community ties. This attempt to create stable unions, in accordance with the social regulations which govern their sect, mandates that Amish marriages are governed by various strictures. These rituals strengthen the feeling of identity and sense of belonging to the community. In order to maintain the isolation of the community from outside culture, marriages outside the faith are not permitted. Consanguineous marriage is not encouraged. In furtherance of group unity, all Amish marriages